As salam kali ni nk bgtaw psl TOXOID plak.ade lam contoh soalan LJM.

TOXOID ni ialah treated toxic,its toxic properties hav destroy without eliminate the capacity to stimulate the production of ANTITOXIN by immune system.

cth toxoid ialah TETANUS & DIPHTHERIA.(injection DPT)




TETANUS

-ialah infection pd nervous system oleh c.tetani..biasenya akn berlaku muscle spasm(lockjaw) xpon owg panggil kancing gigi.

DIPHTERIA

-ialah infection oleh corynebacterium diphtheria..klo bacteria ni merebak ke respiratory area dye bole block airway..klo infect skin leh jd lesion..sgt fatal ble merebak ke bloodstream n organ.

As salam thank you pd yanie sbb bg buku soklan ljm n medication book.

Soklan LJM about personal space ade dlm buku yanie bg kt i hehe..

Soklan dye lbey kurang cmni la the appropriate distance for nurse giv health education and it is called ?

jwpn dye :personal space le kiki..

Personal space ni ialah - appropriate space for giving health education.. cm pendidikan kesihatan about the suitable food during prenancy,the important of imunization n etc..

-Distance of personal space ni ialah 1.5-4.0 feet

-So the distance from patient not too far or too cloz

-In thiz distance nurse voice tone moderately can be hear by patient

-Nurse also can touch the patient, in nursing world we call *therapeutic touch*-to calm n giv support to patient.

Baru2 ni i ade terbace soalan LJM yg berbunyi haha :

SEORANG PESAKIT PEREMPUAN BERUSIA 55 TAHUN MENGALAMI PNEUOMONIA YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH "MRSA".SUNTIKAN ANTIMICROBIAL YANG MANAKAH JURURAWAT PERLU SEDIAKAN?

Okeh MRSA ni ialah *Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus*

MRSA ni xrespond woo pd antibiotic yg biasanya digunakan untk treat infection.

ANTIMICROBIAL yg seswai utk treat MRSA ni ialah VANCOMYCIN.

VANCOMYCIN ni ia bertindak mengubati infeksi yang melibatkan gram positive bacteria dan biasanya diberikan bila ubat antibiotik lain x mampu nak sembuhkan infeksi tu...

BUBYE:)

As salam.

Entry kali ni nk bgtaw WHY BABY LOSE WEIGHT IN THE FIRST WEEK :

CAUSES :

1.Baby mmg dilahirkan dgn extra weight bcz nk mmbntu semasa stress in labor.

2.Extra fat bcz mature milk of breastfeeding does not come in 3-5 days.

1st foremilk - quite watery.

milk coming out later is hindmilk-It is more creamier and may have 50% more fat.

3.Iv fluid given to mother causes a large shift of fluid from mother to fetus.

السلام عليكم




Generic Name : Etoricoxib

Trade name : Arcoxia

Drug Class : NSAIDs

Indications :

1 .treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

2. osteoarthritis

3. ankylosing spondylitis

4. chronic low back pain

5. acute pain

Contraindications :

1.Active peptic ulceration or GI bleeding

2.severe hepatic dysfunction


Jom imbas sat :

Rukun Islam ada 5 perkara iaitu :

1.Mengucap 2 Kalimah Syahadat.

2.Menunaikan solat 5 waktu sehari semalam.

3.Mengeluarkan zakat.

4.Berpuasa pada bulan Ramadhan.

5.Menunaikan haji di Baitullah.

~السلام عليكم



Ok cm biase ubat hari ni ialah:

Generic name :Diclofenac.

Trade name :Voltaren,Cataflam,Solaraze,Novo difenac.

Class of drugs : NSAIDs(inhibit prostaglandin).

Uses/Indications :

1.Treatment rheumatoid arthritis-inflamasi kt joints.

2.Treatment of osteoarthritis-joint disorder.

3.Treatment ankylosing spondylitis - inflamasi pd joints n spinal bone.

4.Treatment menstrual cramp.

5.Treatment acute pain bcz CONTUSION,STRAINS(injury of tendon-connective tissues that connect muscles to bone ),
SPRAINS (injury og ligament-fibrous tissue that connect bones to other bones )

6.Ophthalmic:Treat photophobia after refractive surgery.

Contraindication: Hypersensitivity to NSAIDs


BOSANGGGNYA HARI NI HAHA

Asalam.

Okey hari ni nk post sal medication gak.Mmg azam i time cuti nk focuskan pd ubat.

Generic name : Celecoxib

Brand name : Celebrex

Drugs class : NSAID ( nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs)<-----dah diterangkan dlm entry sblm ni,cer tgok.


Uses of thiz medication :

- Relief sign and symptom of osteoarthritis,RA ( rheumatoid arthritis )

- Treatment acute pain--->sllu kan diberi kt pesakit yg xtahan sakit dlm wad.

- Treatment menstrual pain @ nama saintifiknyee ialah dysmenorrhea..takpun segugut.

Contraindication 4 thiz medication :

- Hypersensitivity to aspirin..aspirin ni same grup ngn celebrex iaitu NSAID.

- History of peptic ulser.

-Receiving anticoagulant theraphy.

Rindu biborn haha.hmmm :( gudluck boy ! ♥
Dok tggu lyana my bestie dtg umh jp g dye nk tdo kt umah i hoyeii..
hmm rindu yana jugak,time cutilah leh lepaking sme2 ♥
Ok bye.

Apakah NSAID (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs) ? Jejom kite study sket..

- NSAID menbantu menyekat cyclooxygenase (COX ) enzyme yang menghasilkan PROSTAGLANDIN.

- Prostaglandin ialah chemical yang dihasilkan oleh sel badan dan dibantu oleh COX enzyme.

- Function of Prostaglandin :

* Promote inflammation,pain n fever.

* Support blood clotting function.

- Ok prostaglandin ni diproduce oleh COX enzyme.

- COX (cyclooxygenase) enzyme terbahagi kpd dua iaiti COX-1 dan COX-2.

- COX-1 dan COX-2 bertanggungjawab promote inflammation,pain and fever tetapi

- COX -1 yang menghasilkan prostaglandin utk support platelet dn protect lining of stomach.

- Apabila NSAID ni block COX enzyme, protaglandin akn turut menerun dan menyebabkan COX-1 yang membantu protect stomach and support platelet and blood clotting turut berkurang.

- Oleh itu, walaupun ubat dlm kump NSAID membantu mengurangkan kesakitan,demam dan inflamasi ianya tidak sesuai untuk pesakit yang mempunyai peptic ulser,severe bleeding,sedang menjalankan anticoagulant theraphy kerana ubt ini mengurangkan COX-1 yang membantu melindungi stomach dn menyokong platelet and blood clotting.





- Cth ubat NSAID ialah aspirin,ibuprofen,naproxen,celebrex and etc..

Generic name : Pantoprazole

Trade name : Protonix

Drug class : Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)
PPI block the production of acid by stomach

Other drugs with same class : -lansoprazole ( prevacid )

- omeprazole ( prilosec )

-rabeprazole

Indications :

1- erosive esophagitis due to gastroesophageal reflux diasease (GERD)
GERD = food or liquid from stomach leak backwards from stomach into esophagus.Thiz action irritate the aesophagus.

2-Hypersecretory conditions including Zollinger - Ellisons
Zollinger Ellisons - condition increase gastrin hormone.Gastrin hormone stimulate the production of stomach acid.


Contraindication:

-History of chronic hepatic disease(chronic liver disease)-progressive destruction of liver.

side effects:
1) diarrhea
2) nausea, vomiting
3) constipation
4) rash
5) headaches

hye sok rayer heheh..hepy Eid Ul-Adha semua...

Hari ni jejom kite belajar sal ubat ea/drug hehe

Generic name : Mannitol

Brand name : Osmitrol

Uses drug (mannitol) ni ialah/indication :

1) Produce diuresis --> elevate rate of urination

2) Reduce IOP(intraoccular pressure) due to acute glaucoma

3) Treatmnet oliguric (low output of urine) phase of acute renal failure

4)Reduce in increase ICP ( intracranial pressure ) due to cerebral edema,spina cord edema(bengak)

5) Remove certain drugs/poisons from body by urinary excretions ex :aspirin,bromides,barbiturate,imipramine.

Oh baru taw hehe

Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit (Hct) increase sbb DEHYDRATION, EXCESSIVE BOOD PLASMA LOSS & POLYCYTHEMIA VERA.


POLYCYTHEMIA VERA :

-Ianya juga dikenali sbg erytheremia atau primary polycythemia.




-Polycythemia vera - bone marrow diasease .It will increase(produce) the number of blood cells such as white blood cells and platelet but primarily red blood cells.


Symptoms


•Breathing difficulty when lying down-terpaksa tinggikan kepala dgn bantal baru dpt bernafas dgn baik.

•Dizziness

•Excessive bleeding

•Fullness in the left upper abdomen -kerana spleen membesar

•Itchiness-terutamanya slps mandi air panas(suam)

•Red coloring-terutamanya bahagian muka.


Treatment

-Tujuan rawatan ialah untuk mengurangkan ketebalan darah dan mengelakkan pendarahan serta pembekuan darah

1)Phlebotomy




-membantu decrease blood thickness.
-1 unit of blood ( 1pint) removed weekly sehingga level hematocrit berkurangan, 45 bagi (lelaki),dan 42 bagi (perempuan)


2)Chemotheraphy -hydroxyurea diberikan untuk mengurangkan penghasilan sel drah merah dlm bone marrow

3)Interfon - reduce number of blood cell

4)Medicine - ‘anagrelide’ ianya membantu merendahkan bilangan platelet

5)Aspirin - mengurangkan risiko blood cloth

6)Ultraviolet-B light theraphy - mengurangkan symptom kegatalan(itching) pd pesakit

Asalam ni ialah quick post hehe.simple aje just nk bgtaw ape itu GRAND MULTIPARA

Grand multipara: Wanita yang telah melahirkan 5 orang anak atau lebih.

For a pregnancy to count as a "birth" :

-Kandungan mestilah berusia sekurang-kurangnya
20 minggu (mid point of full term pregnancy), 37-42 weeks ialah full term pregnancy.




-Janin tersebut mestilah memiliki berat sekurang-kurangnya 500 grams…sama ada hidup atau mati.

EMPYEMA


Empyema also known as pyothorax,pleural empyema and purulent pleuritis.
Empyema is collection of pus in pleural space (space between lungs and the inner sufcace of chest wall)


Risk factors :

•Bacterial pneumonia.

•Chest surgery.

•Lung abscess.

•Trauma or injury to the chest.

Symptoms :

•Chest pain.

•Dry cough.

•Excessive sweating, especially night sweats.

•Fever and chills.

•General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise).

•Shortness of breath.

•Weight loss (unintentional).

Chest Percussion

Chest percussion is also called chest physiotheraphy.It invoves using a cupped hand and alternately clapping with both hand on the patient chest wall to loosen thick secretions (as a airway clearance).

Chest percussion help mucus expel and cough up.





Chest percussion should vigorous and rhythmical but don’t cause pain.

Chest percussion should be done over the lung segment that is to be drained.

Soalan LJM : Tujuan melakukan chest percussion bagi pesakit yang mengalami bronchiol asthma ialah ?

Jawapan: Melonggarkan sekresi pada kawasan yang banyak sekresi terkumpul.

Asalam entry kali ni ditaip di perak hehe….lama woo xdpt balik umah..

Topic hari ni PLEURISY

Nama lain untuk pleurisy ni ialah PLEURITIS /PLEURITIC CHEST PAIN


Pleurisy ni ialah-inflammation of pleura(the lining of pleural cavity) surrounding chest and lungs.It leads to pain usually SHARP PAIN.


Risk factor of pleurisy :


1)Pneumonia

2)Tuberculosis

3)Asbestos related disease

4)Certain trauma

5)Rheumatoid Arthritis

6)Pulmonary embolus

7)Lupus


Symptom of pleurisy :


1)tachypnea-rapid breathing

2)Pain during deep breathing and cough

3)Cyanosis-bluish skin

4)SOB-shorthness of breath

p/s:focuskan pd nursing intervention utk pleurisy



kt ats tu ialah external image of pleuritis via xray

Salam sayang.
Okey topic ari ni ialah MUCOLYTIC.

Soalan LJM : Apakah tindakan mucolytic yang diberi kpd Puan Aminah dlm rawatan pneumonia
Jawapan : Mencairkan sekresi salur pernafasan.

-MUcolytic drugs ni membantu clear mucus dr airway dgn breaking up sputum.

-Certain mucolytic agent ni ade chemical yg membantu badan utk produce enzyme iaitu glutathione.
- Glutathione helps breakdown thick ,sticky mucus.

-Bila mucus semakin menipis ia memudahkan pesakit batuk dan suction dilakukan.
Example of mucolytic drugs are :erdosteine, acetylcysteine, bromheksin.

Sekian....

Soalan LJM : Rawatan kecemasan untuk kebakaran ialah ?
Jawapan : Menyiram air sejuk pada luka kebakaran.

Ok kt cni sy senaraikan rawatan untuk kecemasan tp sy fokuskan pd FIRST DEGREE BURN shj.





1)Remove pesakit drp sumber haba tersebut ex: fire,hot liquid,steam etc.

2)Tanggalkan pakaian yg terbakar.

3)ALIRKAN AIR SEJUK PADA KWASAN YG TERBAKAR-dah menjawab soalan diats kan

4)Cuci bahagian terbakar.

5)Keringkan kawasan terbakar.

6)Letakkan antibiotic , ex: silver sulphadiazine.

7)Gunakan bandage sterile untuk cover burn area.

8)Berikan tetanus vaksin if required.

A.salam hari ni topic kite ialah skin graft.

Soalan LJM:Apakah nasihat penting untuk pesakit yang baru menjalani graf kulit?

Jawapan :Sapu lotion pelicin di kawasan graf.

SKIN GRAFT :

Skin graft ni ialah surgical removal of skin from part of body and transplant (attach).

If skin diambil dr badan sendiri dan ditransplant pada badan sendiri ianya dipanggil AUTOGRAFT.

If skin diambil dr orang lain dn ditampal pd kulit pesakit ianya dipanggil HOMOGRAFT.

Pembedahan skin graft ni biasanya dilakukan under GENERAL ANESTHESIA (dimana pesakit tidak sedarkan diri sepenuhnya dan tidak berasa sakit).

Biasanya donor site diambil pada bahagian yang dilindungi oleh baju spt inner thigh n buttock.

Donor site tersebut juga perlu di cover dgn sterile dressing selama 3-5 hari slps pmbedahan.

Skin graft biasanya dilakukan pada pesakit yang mengalami :-

1)Infection yang menyebabkan large amount of skin loss.

2)Cosmetics reasons.

3)Skin cancer surgery.

4)Venous ulcers,pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers that do not heal.
5)Very large wounds.

Apabila skin graft telah dilakukan perkara penting yang perlu dilakukan ialah:

-Pesakit perlu rest in bed dlm beberapa hari dan memakai special stockings atau bandages untuk membantu support kulit baru dan mengelakkan kulit contract.

-Seterusnya skin graft (kulit baru yg ditampal) ni tidak mengandungi sweat gland or oil gland oleh itu kulit baru ni perlu di lubricate daily sehingga 2-3 bulan untk mengelakkan drying and cracking of the new skin…. haaaa kan dah menjawab soalan LJM td :)

Cephalic presentation




A situation at childbirth (labor) where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis (cervix) first. The presentation of fetal heard in labor whether vertex,face or brow.

Breech presentation



A situation at childbirth (labor) where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie with the buttocks or feet closest (enter the cervix first) to the cervix.

Post ni dibuat sbg kenangan berada di labor room Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia selama 4 hari..dan kebanyakan bayi dlm cephalic presentation jrg2 dlm breech presentation ketika labor(beranak)..tQ staffnurse n doctor yg bnyk bg tunjuk ajr :)
ok bye.....

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

-Keadaan dimana paru-paru tidak dapat mengeluarkan semua carbon dioxide yang dihasilkan oleh badan.Ini menyebabkan gangguan acid-base balance yg menyebabkan cecair dlm badan terutamanya DARAH menjadi too acidic.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors :

• Diseases of the airways (such as asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease) which send air into and out of the lungs.

• Diseases affecting the nerves and muscles that "signal" the lungs to inflate or deflate.

• Drugs that suppress breathing (including powerful pain medicines, such as narcotics, and "downers," such as benzodiazepines), especially when combined with alcohol.

• Severe obesity, which restricts how much the lungs can expand.

Soalan LJM dye tnye cmni:

Keadaan disebabkan oleh peningkatan karbon dioksida dalam darah pesakit yang menghidapi bronkiol asthma.

Jawapan : asidosis respiratori.

Semoga batch kite semua lulus LJM dgn cemerlang Aminn..

A.salam topic hari ni ialah Tidal Volume.

Post kali ni simple sje nk gtau ape tu TIDAL VOLUME *ade lam soalan LJM*
# Tidal volume – the volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cyle during regular breathing.

Klo kuar soklan LJM psl definisi tidal volume harap2 semua leh jwb :)

A.slm lame tol x update blog maklumla busy ckit ngn practical n bawu je abes final exam yebaaa!! Leh enjoy..dan mmg tgh enjoy pon tp trase gian lak nk update blog ni hehehe…


Topic kiter kali ni ialah psl BECOTIDE INHALER *ade lam soklan LJM nih*

Peranan utama becotide ni ialah merawat asthma.

Active ingredient dlm becotide ni ialah BECLOMETASONE DIPROPIONATE.

Beclometasone ni ialah SYNTHETIC CORTICOSTEROID.

Corticosteroid ni ialah hormon yg dihasilkan oleh adrenal gland.

Antara fungsi utama corticosteroid ni ialah to control inflammatory response.

So becotide inhaler ni ialah anti inflammatory(kurgkan keradangn cm bengkak ke atau secretion mucus yg berlebihan) yg menyebabkan kesekatan pd saluran pernafasan.


Beclometasone ni ialah PREVENTER cz dye diambil secare regular untk reduce inflammation in lungs & untk prevent asthma attack..


OK TAMAT :D