~Nebules of ventolin(kat ats 2)~

-VENTOLIN-

Salam hari ni tajuk kiter ialah ventolin.


-Ventolin ni ialah ubat biasanya untuk asthma.


-Ventolin ialah Short-Acting Bronchodilator- bertindak membuka saluran pernafasan.


-Active ingredients ventolin ialah salbutamol(short-acting beta 2 agonist).


-Salbutamol bertindak pada receptors pada lung dipanggil beta 2 receptors.


-Bila sulbutamol stimulates pada receptors ia menyebabkan mucles in the airways to relax.



-Seterusnya,saluran pernafasan akan terbuka terutamanya ketika asthma dan COPD.


-Ketika ini (asthma) udara sukar untuk masuk dan keluar dari lungs.Dengan salbutamol saluran pernafasan terbuka dan pesakit mudah bernafas.


-Salbutamol biasanya diambil menggunakan inhaler device.


-Dengan menyedut ubat ventolin ia dapat bertindak terus ke lungs.


-Ventolin juga membantu mengurangkan potensi side effect berlaku pada bahagian lain dibadan.


-Ventolin ni dapat dikurangkan side effect apabila diambil dengan inhaler kerana ia dapat diterus ke lungs berbanding jika diambil secara oral.


-Salbutamol yang digunakan dengan inhaler dikenali sbg RELIEVER.


-Ia dipanggil reliever kerana ia dengan pantas mengatasi serangan asthma,wheezing, chest tightness or shortness of breath.


-Sulbutamol inhalers boleh digunakan untuk membuka saluran pernafasan sebelum senaman untuk mengelakkan wheezing.


-Wheezing bermaksud whistling sound yang dihasilkan respiratory airway ketika bernafas.


-Wheeze ni berlaku bila salah satu respiratory tress menjadi sempit dan tersekat.


-Wheeze ni biasanya berlaku pada pesakit yang menghidapi LUNG DISEASE & ASTHMA ATTACKS


-Salbutamol ini kadangkala diambil secara oral/ melalui mulut kerana ada
sesetengah pesakit tidak dapat menggunakan inhaler dengan baik.


-Salbutamol secara oral ini harus diambil secara regular untuk memastikan airways sentiasa terbuka.


-Di hospital nebulizer or respirator solutios of salbutamol digunakan untuk merawat asthma attack.




Respirator machine.


-Nebuliser ialah mesin yang converts the liquid medicine in nebules into particles that can be inhaled.




Nebuliser machine


-Nebuliser digunakan untuk deliver higher doses of the medicine compare to standard inhaler.


-Salbutamol juga diberi melalu injection dihospital untuk merawat severe asthma attacks.


-Apabila sulbutamol yg biasakan digunakan pesakit tidak mampu lagi menghilangkan wheezing & chest tightness pesakit harus segera memberitahu doctor.


-Pesakit dengan severe asthma(asma yg teruk) harus melakukan blood test secara regular untuk melihat jumlah potassium di dalam darah.


-Biasanya beberapa UBAT ASTHMA dan HYPOXIA(oxygen kurang dlm darah) menyebabkan low blood potassium level.


-Side effects-

-Tidak semestinya semua pesakit akan menghidapi side effects dibawah:-

• Shaking, usually of the hands (tremor) – terketar-ketar.

• Nervous tension

• Headache-sakit kpale

• Faster than normal heart beat (tachycardia)

• Awareness of your heart beat (heart palpitations)

• Muscle cramps

• Low blood potassium level (hypokalaemia)




ubat lasix pon boleh lower blood pottasium level.

• unexpected narrowing of the airways (paradoxical bronchospasm)


The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the drug's manufacturer.

-Pursed Lip Breathing-


Pursed lip breathing ialah cara untuk mengatasi shortness of breath.Membolehkan kita bernafas dengan efektif.Pursed lip breathing membantu mengurangkan kelajuan kita bernafas.

-What does pursed lip breathing do-

• Improves ventilation.

• Mengeluarkan udara yang terperangkap didalam lungs.

• Membolehkan saluran pernafasan terbuka dan mengurangkan kita bekerja kuat untuk bernafas .decreases the work of breathing.

• prolongs exhalation to slow the breathing rate (tempoh hembus nafas yang lama untuk memperlahan kadar pernafasan)-kadar pernafasan jadi laju sbb kiter hunger air.

• Menambahbaik patern pernafasan dengan mengeluarkan udara lama didalam lungs dan membenarkan udara baru masuk ke dalam lungs.(Improves breathing patterns by moving old air out of the lungs and allowing for new air to enter the lungs).

•Relieves shortness of breath.




•Causes general relaxation.

-When should I use this technique-

- Guna teknik pernafasan ini semasa aktiviti lasak spt bending,lifting,panjat tangga n etc.





-Praktis 4-5 kali sehari untuk mendapatkan coorect breathing pattern.

-Pursed lip breathing technique-







1. Relax your neck and shoulder muscles. (figure to right).

2. Breathe in (INHALE) slowly through your NOSE for two counts, keeping your mouth closed. Don't take a deep breath; a normal breath will do. It may help to count to yourself: inhale, one, two. (figure to right).

3. Pucker or "purse" your lips as if you were going to whistle or gently flicker the flame of a candle. (figure to left).

4. Breathe out (exhale) slowly and gently through your pursed lips while counting to four. It may help to count to yourself: exhale, one, two, three, four. (figure to right).

- Try to make the time blowing out longer than when you took a breath in(hembus nafas lebih lama berbanding dengan jangka masa menarik nafas)

-PERCUSSION-

-Percussion is a method of tapping on a surface to determine the underlying structure, and is used in clinical examinations to assess the condition of the thorax or abdomen. (Wikipedia).

-Percussion is act of striking the body surface to elicit/produce sound or vibrations that can be felt. (Fundamental of nursing).

-Ketuk bahagian badan untuk detect bunyi atau getaran.

-Percussion ialah salah satu drp 4 methods of clinical manifestations iaitu:inspection (lihat), palpation (cam tekan kt kulit) & auscultation (gune stethoscope).

Percussion ni ada 2 jenis iaitu:

1)Direct percussion


2)Indirect percussion

-Direct percussion -



uses only one or two fingers.

- Indirect percussion –








1) middle finger of nondominant hand (tgn yg x brape kiter gune cgt) referred/also known as “ pleximeter ”

2) Pleximeter is placed firmly on the client’s skin.

3) Only the distal phalanx & joint of the finger should be in contact with skin.

4) Using the tip of flexed middle finger of other hand called “ plexor ”
The nurses strike the pleximeter.


5) The motion comes from wrist the forearm remain stationary.

6)The angle between plexor and pleximeter is 90 degrees.


7) The blow must must firm,rapid & short to obtain clear sound.

-DISEASE CLASSIFICATIONS & DEFINITIONS-
-Salam kali ni nak share pasal DISEASE CLASSIFICATION & DEFINITION.


Acute – A disease that have rapid onset ,last relatively short time & self limiting.
misalnya chickenpox.




Choronic - Disease yg mempunyai salah satu atau lebih cirri-ciri dibawah :-
1) Is permanent (kekal).
2) Leaves permanent disability (kecacatan/ketidakupayaaan yg kekal).
3) Causes nonreversible pathophysiology.
4) Require special training of the client for rehabilitation(pemulihan)
5) Requires long period of care.




Communicable – A disease that can be spread from one person to another.(boleh merebak).




Congenital - A disease or disorder that exist at or before birth.(cam kecacatan sejak lahir lah)




Degenarative – A disease that result from deterioration of impairment oragn tissues.(kerosakan tisu organ)

Functional – A disease that affects function and performance but not have manifestation of organic illness.


Malignant – A disease that tend to become worse and causes death (berpontensi jadi lebih teruk) mcm kanser.




Psychomatic – A psychologic disease that manifested by physiologic symptoms.(sakit mental)




Idiophatic - A diasease that have unknown cause.


Latrogenic – A diasease that cause by medical theraphy.ex radiation theraphy.

-SUCTIONING (sedottt)-


-Ok salam semua hehe. Tajuk hari ni ialah suctioning.


-Bila pesakit ada difficulty handling their secretion or airway is in place.. suctioning ni diperlukan untuk mencuci saluran pernafasan.







NI LAH ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS.

-Suctioning is aspirating secretion (mengeluarkan kahak/cecair) trough a catheter connected to a suction machine or wall suction outlet.




NI LAH SUCTION MACHINE.




NI LAH WALL SUCTION.


- Walaupun upper airways tak sterile (oropharynx n nasopharynx )..kita harus buat suctioning guna sterile teknik gak nak elak pathogen masuk dlm airways pesakit.




NI LAH OROPHARYNX N NASOPHARYNX.

-Suctioning ni ada bbrapa jenis iaitu oropharyngeal suctioning,nasopharyngeal suctioning dan nasotracheal suctioning.


-Tujuan suctioning ialah:

# Mengeluarkan secretion yg menghalang airway.

# Facilitate ventilation.

# Ambil secretion untuk tujuan diagnostic(penyiasatan) mcm sputum specimen ke hehe.

# Mengelakkan infection apabila secretion ni terkumpul.


-Suction catheter ni ada 2 jenis open tipped or whistle tip.Nak tgok bentuk tip dgn jelas sila rujuk buku fundamental of nursing.



NI LAH SUCTION CATHETER.


-Kelebihan whistle tipped catheter ni ialah ia kurang irritate respiratory tissues pesakit.

-Kelebihan open tipped catheter pula ia lebih efektif nak mengeluarkan thick mucous plug.(kahak yg tebal melekat kt saluran pernafasan).


-Oral suction tube or Yankauer device is used to suction in oral cavity.







NI LAH YANKAUER.



TUGAS JURURAWAT !!

-Sebelum nak buat suction kita perlu memerhati pesakit spt sblm nk buat suctioning ni:

#sign of respiratoty distress.

#evidence that client unable to cough up & expectorate secretion.

#Dyspnea nama len dia ialah SOB(shortness of breath) atau breathlessness.

#Bubling & Rattling breath souds ----> antara jenis bunyi pernafasan yg tak normal.

#Poor skin colour ataupun cyanosis.Cyanosis kulit pesakit jd kebiruan cz xcukup oksigen.




NI LAH CYANOSIS.


- Haa bila ada tanda2 ni baru la leh nk buat suctioning.

-Sebabnya suctioning ni bole irritates mucous membrane n meningkatkan penghasilan secretion la plak bila suctioning dibuat terlampau kerap.


Tetttt….abes dah :)))))

-ANOTHER PNEUMONIA STORY HAHAHA-

-Orait salam semua lama betol x update akmaklumlah busy sket haha.

-Ok sperti yg kita tau pneumonia is inflammation of lung parenchyma.

-ape tuuu parenchyma??term baru kan yg lebih advance.
-Parenchyma=( bronchioles n alveoli )





-In U.S pneumonia 7th cause of death.hoho bahaye2.

-Haa lelaki have high rate ade pneumonia compared to women.

-Saja nk ulang:
Streptococcus pneumonia (pneumococcus) iaitu gram positive bacterium cause COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA.

*PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW*
-Lower respiratory tract normally sterile.

-Beberapa defence mechanism membantu maintain sterile environment kat lower respiratory tract.

-Selain itu,, biasanya infectious particles di trap oleh mucous membrane of nose n removed by sneezing(bersin).

- Selain itu,,Ok infectious particles yg deposited kt nasopharynx biasanya ditelan .Reflex closure of epiglottis and branching bronchial present as anatomic barrier to entry of microorganisms and other possible contaminants.Hebat kan ciptaan anotomi badan kita oleh Allah S.W.T sbb bole jd penghalang natural nk elak mikrob jahat masuk.


-Disamping itu,cilia dan mucus kat respiratory tract serta cough reflex turut membantu memerangkap dan menyingkirkan foreign particles yg masuk lower respiratory tract.





-Organism that make it past these barrier usually are rapidly phagocytized in the alveolus by resident macrophage then attacked by the inflammatory n immune defense of body.

-Maksodnya cmni la ble organism ni Berjaya melepasi halangan2 yg saya nyatakan kt ats lalu masuk kt alveolus.Macrophage dlm alveolus ni plak akan makan organism tu nak elakkan kuman ni enter lg jauh dalam lungs atau enter lower respiratort tract yg sepatutnya sterile ni la dan turut dibantu imum system kita.


-The term lower respiratory tract refers to the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea to the lungs.


-So sape2 yg ade problem ngn immune response mmg high risk cgt nk dpt pneumonia.

-Tettttt tamat ..

1.IPSec
2.PPTP
3.CIPE
4.OpenVPN

Ok salam cik zaty nak menyampaikan sesuatu ni.Encik Biborn tak dapat update blog dalam masa 3-4 hari ni sbb dye ade menyertai kursus.Diharap para pengunjung setia blog dapat bersabar menanti post yg berikutnya hahahaha.sekian wasalam saya yang menurut perintah P.A Biborn cik zaty..tettttttt..




Ok pasal aq xtau nak tulis ape lg aq upload la wallpapper yg smart ni :D
tata..